1.	By definition, what do psychologists study?	

2.	Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

3.	During psychology's early history, the primary method for exploring internal mental processes was to observe outward __________.	

4.	What is one direct method of investigating internal mental processes that has resulted from technological advances within psychology?	

5.	Name 2 of the 4 goals discussed in the text that psychologists have in mind when studying mental processes and behavior.	

6.	What goal of psychology is associated with the desire to limit or increase behavior?	
A)	description	
B)	explanation	
C)	prediction	
D)	control	

7.	The levels of behavioral analysis include the brain, the individual, and the group.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

8.	Psychologists are interested in studying individual level behavior.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

9.	Because psychological research is limited to the study of the brain, very few psychologists consider group level factors to be important determinants of behavior.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

10.	Describe the three levels of analysis that are apparent in psychological research.	

11.	Dr. Sandoval is conducting a study of internet trolls. His goal is to explore whether certain personality traits such as introversion are common to most trolls. This is an example of a psychological study that is focused on the _______ level of analysis.	
A)	brain	
B)	person	
C)	group	
D)	contextual	

12.	Dr. Krahn is conducting a study of internet trolls. He is interested in investigating the neurological effects of trolling. He invites his subjects to the laboratory and collects neuroimaging data which they are trolling. This is an example of a psychological study that is focused on the _______ level of analysis.	
A)	brain	
B)	person	
C)	group	
D)	contextual	

13.	A large group of people with a set of shared beliefs and practices is referred to as a(n) __________.	

14.	At what level of behavioral analysis does a psychologist analyze the content of mental processes including emotions, thoughts, and ideas?	

15.	Why is behavioral analysis incomplete without an examination of the group?	

16.	Psychology is defined as:	
A)	the science of behavior	
B)	the study of mental processes	
C)	the study of mental disorders and their treatment	
D)	the science of behavior and mental processes	

17.	How has the study of the mind changed across psychology's history?	
A)	Psychologists have largely abandoned the study of the mind in favor of the examination of objective behavior.	
B)	Psychologists have found increasingly direct ways to study the mind.	
C)	Psychologists have only very recently started to study the mind along with behavior.	
D)	To eliminate biases, psychologists have increasingly relied on indirect methods of studying the mind.	

18.	Your text lists each of the following as a goal of psychology EXCEPT:	
A)	description	
B)	control	
C)	analysis	
D)	explanation	

19.	Which of the following goals of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a description?	
A)	prediction – changing how often behavior occurs	
B)	control – making careful observations regarding behavior	
C)	description – determining the circumstances in which behavior is likely to occur	
D)	explanation – identifying the causes of behavior	

20.	Which of the following goals of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with an example?	
A)	description – A research assistant records the number of aggressive acts children display during a 15-minute recess period.	
B)	prediction – A sports psychologist determines whether increased testosterone produces increased aggression among student athletes.	
C)	explanation – A team of educators develops a program to decrease aggression among schoolchildren.	
D)	control – A researcher assesses whether adults are more likely to feel depressed when they have experienced recent major losses than when they have not.	

21.	Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the levels of analysis in psychology?	
A)	Each thought or behavior occurs at one of the following levels: the level of the brain, the level of the person, or the level of the group.	
B)	The level of the brain is the most important level of analysis in psychology.	
C)	Thoughts and behaviors are analyzed at the group level by sociologists and anthropologists, not by psychologists.	
D)	All thoughts and behaviors occur at all three levels simultaneously.	

22.	How has psychology's focus on the different levels of analysis changed over the history of the discipline?	
A)	Brain-level and group-level analyses are more prevalent in today's psychology than they were in the past.	
B)	Group-level analyses are less prevalent in today's psychology than they were in the past.	
C)	Individual-level analyses are more prevalent in today's psychology than they were in the past.	
D)	Individual-level analyses are more prevalent in today's psychology than they were in the past, while group-level analyses are less common now.	

23.	Which level of analysis in psychology is CORRECTLY matched with an example?	
A)	Brain level -- At low doses, cocaine can improve performance on visual attention tasks, such as detecting specific stimuli appearing on a computer screen.	
B)	Individual level -- Cocaine abuse is associated with a history of violence and sexual abuse in the family.	
C)	Brain level -- Cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells.	
D)	Group level -- Cocaine abuse is associated with high levels of the personality trait of neuroticism and with low levels of the trait of conscientiousness.	

24.	Based on your text's discussion, which statement best expresses the relationship between a culture and a group?	
A)	A culture is the same thing as a group.	
B)	A culture refers to the practices and beliefs of a group.	
C)	Groups are subsets of a culture.	
D)	Cultures are subsets of groups.	

25.	Which Greek philosopher's theory suggested that our physical and psychological health is influenced by humours, also known as bodily fluids?	
A)	Hippocrates	
B)	Socrates	
C)	Plato	
D)	Aristotle	

26.	The history of psychology (and most other sciences) started with the history of philosophy.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

27.	Following an earthquake or other disaster, some primitive cultures may attribute human qualities to such a natural event because they believe the “earth spirits are angry”. This example illustrates a(n) __________.	

28.	What attribute of Greek culture was essential to forming intellectual dialogue that resulted in a flow of ideas?	

29.	How is psychological science of today similar to primitive myths?	

30.	Which of the following statements about science and myths is true?	
A)	Science and myths both represent ways to make sense out of the natural world.	
B)	Scientific ideas are tested and scrutinized in a manner that is similar to way myths are evaluated.	
C)	Many people believe in science, but only a few people believe in myths.	
D)	The purpose of myths, but not science, is to describe, predict, explain, and control the world.	

31.	Elsa was listening to a John Mayer song on her iPod. She enjoyed the song so much she clicked on the genius button and had her iPod generate a new playlist of songs that are similar to the one she was listening to. Elsa was so thrilled with her new playlist she kissed her iPod and praised it for “knowing her” so well. This human tendency to project our mental and emotional characteristics onto nonhuman objects is known as _______.	
A)	egocentrism	
B)	empiricism	
C)	anthropomorphism	
D)	structuralism	

32.	Psychologists believe that _________ allows people to feel as though they have gained some sense of control over their environment.	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	egocentrism	
D)	anthropomorphism	

33.	According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, _______ determines which variations of life survive over time and which fall out of existence.	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	natural selection	
D)	anthropomorphism	

34.	Define and give an example of the concept of anthropomorphism.	

35.	Which philosopher believed that we can use logical or rational thinking to discover “core ideas” buried within the human soul?	
A)	Hippocrates	
B)	Socrates	
C)	Plato	
D)	Aristotle	

36.	Socrates believed that “truth” is an objective concept that is not dependent on perception.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

37.	The first philosopher to promote empirical or testable investigations of the natural world was __________.	

38.	According to Hippocrates, what are humours?	

39.	Describe how the work of Aristotle influenced the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.	

40.	How do the goals of early religious practices compare to the goals of contemporary psychology?	
A)	The goals of early religious practices contradict those of contemporary psychology.	
B)	The goals of early religious practices are unrelated to those of contemporary psychology.	
C)	The goals of early religious practices overlap a little with those of contemporary psychology.	
D)	The goals of early religious practices are quite similar to those of contemporary psychology.	

41.	Approximately when did Greek thinkers begin to substitute natural for supernatural explanations of nature and reality?	
A)	in the seventh and eighth centuries BCE	
B)	in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE	
C)	in the first and second centuries BCE	
D)	in the first and second centuries AD	

42.	__________ is defined as the study of knowledge and reality.	
A)	Philosophy	
B)	Science	
C)	Psychology	
D)	Mythology	

43.	The view that theories are always tentative may be traced back to:	
A)	Greece	
B)	Rome	
C)	the Renaissance	
D)	the late nineteenth century	

44.	Which Greek philosopher is CORRECTLY matched with a key idea?	
A)	Hippocrates – suggested that we could use reasoning to discover the truth	
B)	Socrates – proposed that well-being and personality is influenced by humors	
C)	Plato – one of the first to promote empirical study of the natural world	
D)	Aristotle – concluded that humans are closely related to animals	

45.	Whereas the Greek philosopher ________correctly identified the brain as the organ of mental life, _________ believed that the brain was of minor importance.	
A)	Aristotle; Hippocrates	
B)	Plato; Aristotle	
C)	Hippocrates; Aristotle	
D)	Hippocrates; Socrates	

46.	One similarity between Hippocrates and Aristotle is that they both:	
A)	proposed influential theories of personality	
B)	believed that theories should be tested empirically	
C)	believed that reason could uncover ultimate truths	
D)	viewed the brain as the seat of mental life	

47.	With respect to the way that we acquire knowledge, _______ emphasized the role of the mind and reasoning, whereas ________ pointed to the role of sensory experience.	
A)	Hippocrates; Socrates	
B)	Aristotle; Hippocrates	
C)	Plato; Aristotle	
D)	Aristotle; Plato	

48.	In 1879, what German physiologist opened the first laboratory exclusively dedicated to the study of psychology?	
A)	Freud	
B)	Skinner	
C)	Helmholtz	
D)	Wundt	

49.	By the 1800s, human beings were considered to be outside the influence of fixed natural laws.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

50.	The term used to describe the behaviors and mental processes of which we are aware is __________.	

51.	What theory postulates that all life on Earth is related and that humans are just one outcome of many variations from a common ancestor?	

52.	Describe the introspection techniques used in Edward Titchener's lab.	

53.	Describe Wundt's investigation of voluntarism.	

54.	What psychological school of thought is Titchener credited with founding?	
A)	functionalism	
B)	structuralism	
C)	Gestalt	
D)	voluntarism	

55.	Structuralism was criticized for failing to study animal behavior and abnormal behavior.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

56.	Which term refers to “looking inward” and was a method of behavioral investigation developed by Wundt.	
A)	functionalism	
B)	structuralism	
C)	Gestalt	
D)	voluntarism	

57.	Why was introspection criticized as a scientific technique?	

58.	What was the major criticism of structuralism?	

59.	Which American psychologist is credited with developing the functionalist approach?	
A)	Freud	
B)	Pavlov	
C)	James	
D)	Watson	

60.	Functionalists viewed the mind as an ever-changing stream of mental events.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

61.	James and his colleagues were interested in how the mind adapts to a changing __________.	

62.	What topic was investigated in an early experiment by Bryan and Harter in 1897?	

63.	If a clock is analogous to the human mind, describe how structuralists and functionalists would vary in their research approaches and interests?	

64.	Which of the following statements is consistent with the approach of Gestalt psychology?	
A)	the parts are greater than the whole	
B)	the parts are exactly equal to the whole	
C)	the whole is greater than the sum of its parts	
D)	the parts are unrelated to the whole	

65.	Albert Einstein was quoted as saying “I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music. . . . I get most joy in life out of music.” This notion that music is much more than the sum of its parts or elements (melody, tone, harmony, rhythm, pitch, and timbre) is most consistent with which of the following theoretical approaches?	
A)	Structuralism	
B)	Gestalt psychology	
C)	Humanistic psychology	
D)	Psychoanalysis	

66.	Gestalt psychology is named after the German psychologist, Ernst Gestalt, who coined the term.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

67.	Humans have inborn tendencies to impose structure on what they see. These tendencies cause humans to perceive ________________ rather than individual sensations.	

68.	Gestalt is a German term that roughly translates to what word in English?	

69.	A famous artistic style known as pointillism uses small colored points of paint to create an image. When humans look at such a painting, they see a distinct image rather than a bunch of points?	

70.	Which historical development below is CORRECTLY dated?	
A)	improvements in communication, transportation, and education – 1700s	
B)	Greek philosophy exerts a new influence on European thought – 1400-1600	
C)	humans are seen as machines subject to natural laws -- 1900	
D)	Darwin developede theory of evolution – early 1800s	

71.	Which historical time period below is CORRECTLY matched with its relevance for the psychology's development?	
A)	1400-1600 – Humans are viewed as machines subject to the laws of matter.	
B)	1800 -- Advances in education and communication have encouraged public interest in science.	
C)	1800s – Supernatural worldview fades.	
D)	late 1800s – Theory of evolution spurs interest in the origin of human behavior.	

72.	The formal beginning of psychology is associated with ________	
A)	Wundt	
B)	Titchener	
C)	James	
D)	Ebbinghaus	

73.	Which of the following locations is associated with the formal beginning of psychology?	
A)	Vienna, Austria	
B)	Leipzig, Germany	
C)	Oxford, England	
D)	Prague, Czech Republic	

74.	In which year did Wundt begin operating the first psychology lab?	
A)	1829	
B)	1839	
C)	1859	
D)	1879	

75.	Wundt is to ________ as Titchener is to _______.	
A)	voluntarism; structuralism	
B)	structuralism; voluntarism	
C)	structuralism; functionalism	
D)	functionalism; structuralism	

76.	In his laboratory, Wundt applied rigorous, scientific experimentation to the study of:	
A)	problem solving	
B)	attention	
C)	memory	
D)	learning	

77.	At which of the levels of analysis discussed in your text did Wundt examine thought and behavior over the course of his career?	
A)	the group level only	
B)	the individual level	
C)	both the brain and individual levels	
D)	both the individual and group levels	

78.	Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the _________ perspective in psychology.	
A)	functionalist	
B)	Gestalt	
C)	structuralist	
D)	humanistic	

79.	A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a complex experience in as much detail as possible is called _________.	
A)	inner perception	
B)	introspection	
C)	internal observation	
D)	introjection	

80.	Lassandra takes a sip of cola. “Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter,” she reports. Lassandra is:	
A)	introspecting	
B)	introjecting	
C)	taking an intelligence test	
D)	suffering a stroke	

81.	In which of the goals of psychology were the structuralists MOST interested?	
A)	description	
B)	prediction	
C)	explanation	
D)	control	

82.	Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of the structuralist perspective in psychology?	
A)	The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.	
B)	The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.	
C)	The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.	
D)	The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it remains highly influential.	

83.	Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?	
A)	behaviorism	
B)	humanism	
C)	functionalism	
D)	psychoanalytic theory	

84.	Which of the following statements best expresses the aim of the functionalist perspective?	
A)	Functionalism seeks to identify what the mind contains.	
B)	Functionalism seeks to determine the purpose of mental processes.	
C)	Functionalism seeks to determine how mental experience is organized	
D)	Functionalism seeks to understand the influence of the unconscious mind.	

85.	A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held, sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely ________, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _________.	
A)	structuralists; functionalists	
B)	functionalists; structuralists	
C)	humanists; structuralists	
D)	humanists; functionalists	

86.	With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in:	
A)	the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience	
B)	the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience	
C)	how emotions aid one's adaptation to the environment	
D)	the observable behaviors accompanying emotional experience	

87.	William James wrote an important early textbook in psychology called _________ of Psychology.	
A)	Handbook	
B)	Elements	
C)	Outline	
D)	Principles	

88.	The first psychologists to examine socially relevant topics were the:	
A)	structuralists	
B)	functionalists	
C)	behaviorists	
D)	Gestalt psychologists	

89.	Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to the ______ perspective.	
A)	psychoanalytic	
B)	humanist	
C)	functionalist	
D)	structuralist	

90.	The Gestalt psychologists made their most lasting contributions to the psychology of:	
A)	memory	
B)	perception	
C)	emotion	
D)	motivation	

91.	Cognitive psychologists have determined that an individual letter is recognized more rapidly when it occurs in the context of a word than when it occurs in a random string of consonants. This finding is most clearly consistent with the ________ perspective in psychology's history.	
A)	Gestalt	
B)	psychoanalytic	
C)	structuralist	
D)	humanistic	

92.	Artie organizes the binders in his office by color. This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of _______.	
A)	proximity	
B)	similarity	
C)	chromaticity	
D)	closure	

93.	Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which schools of thought developed in psychology's early history?	
A)	structuralism → functionalism → voluntarism	
B)	voluntarism → functionalism → structuralism	
C)	voluntarism → structuralism → functionalism	
D)	structuralism → voluntarism → functionalism	

94.	Which of the following early approaches to psychology originated in the United States?	
A)	psychoanalytic theory	
B)	Gestalt psychology	
C)	voluntarism	
D)	functionalism	

95.	Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?	
A)	structuralism -- emphasized the purpose of mental processes	
B)	functionalism -- emphasized the elements of mental experience	
C)	behaviorism -- emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior	
D)	Gestalt psychology -- emphasized the organization of perception	

96.	Which of the following statements is consistent with Freud's psychoanalytic theory?	
A)	we are always aware of our motivations	
B)	many of our thoughts and feelings reside in the unconscious mind	
C)	the conscious and unconscious mind are never in competition	
D)	childhood experiences do not contribute to later psychological functioning	

97.	Freud built his theory based on highly controlled, experimental procedures.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

98.	Unlike the earlier work of the structuralists, functionalists, and Gestaltists, psychoanalytic theorists focused on mental processes that occur in the _______mind.	

99.	Where did Freud obtain evidence for his psychoanalytic theory?	

100.	According to Freud, how do childhood experiences contribute to later psychological functioning?	

101.	Matt was experiencing insomnia because he repeatedly had graphic dreams about an inanimate object attacking him at work. He went to a therapist who told him that the dream was an attempt by his unconscious mind to communicate with his conscious mind. What kind of therapist did Matt most likely see?	
A)	psychoanalyst	
B)	cognitivist	
C)	behaviorist	
D)	humanist	

102.	Marie is a middle aged elementary school teacher who has just been arrested for shoplifting at Walmart. Security guards have video footage of Marie shoplifting shampoo, toothpaste, and cosmetics but when the police interview Marie, she says that she has no conscious memory of the theft. According to Marie's therapist Dr. Missoni, it would have been silly for her to jeopardize her career and reputation by engaging in petty larceny. Therefore Marie's behavior must be due to unconscious motives. Dr. Missoni believes that Marie's recent depression and death of her mother led to her projecting her feelings about the role of mother on to Walmart. As a result, Marie engaged in “unconscious” shoplifting. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychology is most consistent with Dr. Missoni's interpretation of Marie's behavior?	
A)	Structuralism	
B)	Psychoanalysis	
C)	Behaviorism	
D)	Humanistic psychology	

103.	Freud's theory was never challenged by rigorous scientific study and remains the basis of modern psychological thoughts on human nature.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

104.	Freud's use of __________ as a therapeutic method helped establish clinical psychology.	

105.	Define what behaviorists were interested in studying.	

106.	Provide an example that illustrates how conditioning can occur in animals.	

107.	Which theorist pioneered the application of conditioning to young human children?	
A)	Thorndike	
B)	Watson	
C)	Pavlov	
D)	Skinner	

108.	The principles of behaviorism have been applied to numerous industries.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

109.	Who first proposed that animal findings could help to explain human behavior?	

110.	Provide an example of a reinforcing behavior.	

111.	Distinguish between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.	

112.	Sara procrastinated when completing her homework, so her roommate decided to buy her dinner on Friday nights if she completed her homework before the weekend. This plan increased the incidence of Sara completing her homework before the weekend. In this example, which of the following is described?	
A)	negative reinforcement	
B)	positive reinforcement	
C)	negative punishment	
D)	positive punishment	

113.	Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

114.	Theoretically speaking, undesirable behaviors are less likely to be repeated if the technique of __________ is used.	

115.	According to Bandura, what mechanism describes how children learn?	

116.	Provide an example of how a child might learn from social observation.	

117.	What area of psychology focused on the potential of individuals and highlighted special human qualities such as free will?	
A)	humanism	
B)	behaviorism	
C)	psychoanalysis	
D)	Gestaltism	

118.	According to Abraham Maslow about _____ of human beings achieve complete self-actualization.	
A)	65%	
B)	50%	
C)	10%	
D)	2%	

119.	Which of the following historical figures did Abraham Maslow consider to be self-actualized?	
A)	Albert Einstein	
B)	Martin Luther King Jr.	
C)	George Washington	
D)	All of the above	

120.	According to humanists, all people have the potential for creativity, positive outlook, and the pursuit of higher values.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

121.	Abraham Maslow believed that most people who achieve complete self-actualization are rich and famous.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

122.	Individuals who are self-actualized have reached their full potential.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

123.	Maslow proposed that we have a basic motive to fulfill our full potential as human beings which he described as __________.	

124.	What approach to psychotherapy did Carl Rogers develop that supported therapists respecting and treating their clients as equals?	

125.	Define information processing and describe how this idea relates to cognitive psychology.	

126.	What newer field investigates how cognitive processing varies across different populations?	
A)	cultural psychology	
B)	cognitive psychology	
C)	behavioral genetics	
D)	psychobiology	

127.	Psychobiology explores brain structure and brain activity as they relate to individual and group behaviors.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

128.	Lashley was an early psychobiologist who used surgical techniques to destroy brain areas in animals to observe changes in cognitive processes.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

129.	Describe the goal of behavioral genetics.	

130.	Define cultural universality and describe why evolutionary psychologists seek these behaviors.	

131.	The psychodynamic perspective originated in the work of ________, a Viennese neurologist.	
A)	Freud	
B)	Maslow	
C)	Jung	
D)	Bandura	

132.	Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________ perspective in psychology.	
A)	humanistic	
B)	psychoanalytic	
C)	cognitive	
D)	psychobiological	

133.	Which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for Freud's psychoanalytic theory?	
A)	survey responses of large samples of adults	
B)	observations of adults in everyday contexts	
C)	archival data: newspaper reports, historical records, and the like	
D)	case studies of patients in therapy	

134.	Which statement best captures Freud's view of the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious minds?	
A)	The conscious and unconscious minds operate in isolation from one another.	
B)	The conscious and unconscious minds cooperate harmoniously.	
C)	The conscious and unconscious minds are often in conflict.	
D)	The conscious and unconscious minds are essentially the same.	

135.	To what extent has empirical research supported psychoanalytic theory?	
A)	Empirical research generally does not support psychoanalytic theory.	
B)	Empirical research offers moderate support for psychoanalytic theory.	
C)	Empirical research strongly supports psychoanalytic theory.	
D)	Empirical research has not addressed psychoanalytic theory.	

136.	Which of the following theoretical approaches in psychology emphasized the influence of childhood on adult thought and behavior?	
A)	Gestalt psychology	
B)	psychoanalytic theory	
C)	structuralism	
D)	cognitive psychology	

137.	Which of the following alternatives best expresses the influence of psychoanalytic theory in psychology?	
A)	It has become increasingly influential in recent years.	
B)	Its influence has greatly declined over the years. Psychoanalytic theory is really only of historical interest at this point.	
C)	It has never been broadly influential in psychology.	
D)	It has had a significant, continuing impact in psychology.	

138.	Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment – “people, places, and things” – on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the ________ approach in psychology.	
A)	psychoanalytic	
B)	behaviorist	
C)	humanistic	
D)	psychobiological	

139.	Stimulus is to response as ________ is to ________.	
A)	environment; behavior	
B)	behavior; environment	
C)	behavior; mind	
D)	unconscious; conscious	

140.	The development of behaviorism reflected the work of both American and ________ psychologists.	
A)	German	
B)	Austrian	
C)	Russian	
D)	French	

141.	Which behaviorist below is CORRECTLY matched with a description or contribution?	
A)	Bandura – demonstrated the conditioning of fear in children	
B)	Pavlov – demonstrated learning through social observation	
C)	Watson – credited with the discovery of conditioning	
D)	Skinner – the leading behaviorist after World War II	

142.	Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which the behaviorists discussed in your text made their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent?	
A)	Watson → Bandura → Pavlov → Skinner	
B)	Pavlov → Watson → Skinner → Bandura	
C)	Watson → Pavlov → Bandura → Skinner	
D)	Pavlov → Watson → Bandura → Skinner	

143.	Consider the influence of consequences on behavior. Which alternative CORRECTLY describes the consequences that increase the frequency of behavior, and decrease it on the other?	
A)	Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the frequency of behavior. Punishment decreases it.	
B)	Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior. Punishment decreases it.	
C)	Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior. Both negative reinforcement and punishment decrease it.	
D)	Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior. Negative reinforcement decreases it.	

144.	Consider the following scenarios: (1) Marie takes an aspirin when she has a headache; (2) Jan slides a dollar bill into a vending machine when she's thirsty; (3) Tammy makes her curfew now because her parents confiscated her phone when she stayed out too late; and (4) Frankie no longer curses because his mom washed his mouth out with soap the last time he swore. Which of these individuals illustrates the effects of negative reinforcement? Which of these individuals illustrates the effects of punishment?	
A)	Negative reinforcement – Marie and Tammy; punishment – Frankie	
B)	Negative reinforcement – Marie and Frankie; punishment – Tammy	
C)	Negative reinforcement – Marie; punishment – Tammy and Frankie	
D)	Negative reinforcement – Marie and Jan; punishment – Tammy and Frankie	

145.	Which of the following criticisms was leveled at behaviorism when it became a prominent approach in psychology?	
A)	“Behaviorism lacks practical application to the real world.”	
B)	“Behaviorism's popularization lowers its scientific credibility.”	
C)	“Behaviorism lacks scientific rigor.”	
D)	“Behaviorism is not a coherent perspective.”	

146.	Dr. Matthews examines the influence of video-game violence on aggressive behaviors among middle-school students. Dr. Matthews' work reflects the impact of which of the following behaviorists?	
A)	Watson	
B)	Pavlov	
C)	Thorndike	
D)	Bandura	

147.	According to your text, Bandura's work implied the influence of internal, mental representations on behavior. Bandura's work, therefore, helped enable the development of the _______ approach in psychology.	
A)	humanistic	
B)	functionalist	
C)	psychobiological	
D)	cognitive	

148.	Humanistic psychology represented a reaction to the _________ perspective(s) in psychology.	
A)	psychoanalytic and behaviorist	
B)	psychoanalytic	
C)	behaviorist	
D)	cognitive and psychoanalytic	

149.	Which of the following ideas did the humanists reject most explicitly?	
A)	the notion that human behavior is driven by basic motives	
B)	the idea that consciousness can be studied objectively	
C)	the notion that humans are just animals	
D)	the idea that the mind is highly subjective	

150.	At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of ________.	
A)	environmental determinism	
B)	free will	
C)	natural selection	
D)	unconscious conflict	

151.	“Be all that you can be!” exhorted a recruitment campaign for the military in the 1990s. The campaign suggests that joining the armed forces is the royal road to the fulfillment of one's potential, or _________ in the words of the humanists.	
A)	self-esteem	
B)	self-awareness	
C)	self-actualization	
D)	self-efficacy	

152.	With respect to self-actualization, which of the following statements is TRUE?	
A)	Self-actualization is the inevitable outcome of healthy adult development.	
B)	Self-actualized individuals are quite rare.	
C)	Self-actualization produces self-esteem.	
D)	Self-actualization is necessary for one to give and receive love.	

153.	Andy's therapist validates his feelings by reflecting his statements back to him and by acting in a warm, nondirective manner. Which type of therapy does Andy's therapist provide?	
A)	client-centered therapy	
B)	psychoanalytic therapy	
C)	behavioral therapy	
D)	cognitive therapy	

154.	Ulrich Neisser's influential text Cognitive Psychology was published in the year _______.	
A)	1947	
B)	1957	
C)	1967	
D)	1977	

155.	Driving to work one day, Rosemary suspects that motorists talking on their cell phones process less information relevant to the task of driving than do other drivers. This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a ______ psychologist.	
A)	psychoanalytic	
B)	cognitive	
C)	behavioristic	
D)	humanistic	

156.	By the information processing perspective in psychology, hardware is to software as ______ is to ________.	
A)	brain; mind	
B)	mind; brain	
C)	mind; behavior	
D)	unconscious; conscious	

157.	Both the structuralists and the cognitive psychologists investigated the conscious mind. How did the cognitive psychologists differ from the structuralists in their approach to the mind?	
A)	The cognitive psychologists examined the mind's processes, whereas the structuralists investigated its contents.	
B)	The cognitive psychologists examined the mind's contents, whereas the structuralists investigated its processes.	
C)	The cognitive psychologists attempted to apply the scientific method to the study of the mind. The structuralists did not.	
D)	There is little difference between the two perspectives in their approach to the mind. The cognitive approach represents a modern-day resurgence of the structuralist perspective.	

158.	Having been stranded at the dawn of the 20th century in a time travel mishap, you attempt to return to the present day. As the smoke clears and the dust settles, though, you find that it is actually the early 1960s. Which of the following statements best describes the theoretical landscape in psychology at the time?	
A)	Behaviorism was becoming more influential, while humanism and cognitive psychology were waning.	
B)	Humanism was becoming more influential, while behaviorism and cognitive psychology were waning.	
C)	Humanism and behaviorism were becoming more influential, while cognitive psychology was waning.	
D)	Humanism and cognitive psychology were becoming more influential, while behaviorism wa waning.	

159.	Which twentieth-century perspective in psychology is CORRECTLY matched with its emphasis?	
A)	psychoanalytic perspective -- emphasizes people's motivation to grow and develop and gain control over their destinies	
B)	humanistic perspective -- emphasizes how people process information	
C)	behavioral perspective -- emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity	
D)	cognitive psychology – emphasizes the unconscious influences on thought and behavior	

160.	Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think process information about the world. Which option below correctly identifies their respective perspectives?	
A)	Dr. Greenway – psychoanalytic perspective; Dr. Cech – humanistic perspective	
B)	Dr. Greenway – behaviorist perspective; Dr. Cech – humanistic perspective	
C)	Dr. Greenway – cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech – behaviorist perspective	
D)	Dr. Greenway – behaviorist perspective; Dr. Cech – cognitive perspective	

161.	Which psychologist is CORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective?	
A)	Maslow -- cognitive	
B)	Freud -- behaviorist	
C)	Rogers -- humanistic	
D)	Skinner -- psychoanalytic	

162.	Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which twentieth-century perspectives in psychology originated, from the earliest to the most recent?	
A)	psychoanalytic → humanism → behaviorism	
B)	psychoanalytic → behaviorism → humanism	
C)	cognitive → psychoanalytic → humanism	
D)	behaviorism → cognitive → psychoanalytic	

163.	Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the terms 'psychobiology' and 'neuroscience'?	
A)	The terms are used interchangeably.	
B)	The term 'psychobiology' has replaced the term 'neuroscience.'	
C)	The term 'neuroscience' has replaced the term 'psychobiology.'	
D)	The terms refer to different fields in psychology.	

164.	While ________ attempted to identify the brain areas involved in learning, memory, and cognition, ________ tried to determine the functions of the brain's hemispheres.	
A)	Sperry; Lashley	
B)	Wilson; Barash	
C)	Barash; Wilson	
D)	Lashley; Sperry	

165.	Which statement below describes the relationship among evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and sociobiology?	
A)	Behavioral genetics and sociobiology may be seen as subfields of evolutionary psychology.	
B)	Behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology may be seen as subfields of sociobiology.	
C)	They ate distinct fields of psychology.	
D)	Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology may be seen as subfields of behavioral genetics.	

166.	Dr. Lynch is a behavioral geneticist. Dr. Veazey is a sociobiologist. Which of the following alternatives best describes their areas of research interest?	
A)	Both Dr. Lynch and Dr. Veazey are interested in the biological bases of social behavior.	
B)	Both Dr. Lynch and Dr. Veazey study the biological bases of cognition.	
C)	Dr. Lynch is interested in the biological bases of cognition, whereas Dr. Veazey studies the biological bases of social behavior.	
D)	Dr. Lynch is interested in the biological bases of emotion, whereas Dr. Veazey studies the biological bases of social behavior.	

167.	Dr. Perkins is a sociobiologist interested in teamwork and leadership in work settings. Based on your text's discussion, which of the following statements would he probably endorse?	
A)	Both genetic and social influences contribute to teamwork and leadership behavior.	
B)	Genetic influences on teamwork and leadership behavior are more important than social influences on those behaviors.	
C)	Genetic influences on teamwork and leadership behavior are less important than social influences on those behaviors.	
D)	Teamwork and leadership behaviors are based in the brain.	

168.	Dr. Bowen claims that inheritance exerts a strong influence on thought and behavior. Which of the following is the most specific claim you can make with some certainty?	
A)	Dr. Bowen is a behavioral geneticist.	
B)	Dr. Bowen is an evolutionary psychologist.	
C)	Dr. Bowen is a sociobiologist.	
D)	Dr. Bowen is a neuroscientist.	

169.	Which of the following statements best describes the influence of evolutionary psychology in psychology's history?	
A)	It has never been a strong influence in psychology.	
B)	Its influence has remained steady throughout psychology's history.	
C)	Its influence has declined in recent years.	
D)	Its influence has increased in recent years.	

170.	Which of the following is the primary criticism of evolutionary psychology?	
A)	Evolutionary psychology theories cannot be empirically tested.	
B)	Evolutionary psychology theories are too general and vague	
C)	It is fairly easy to produce inaccurate “just so” theories about how certain current behaviors, traits, or emotions may have evolved from earlier times.	
D)	The contemporary relevance of evolutionary psychology is extremely limited.	

171.	How do cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart, respectively, inform the nature vs. nurture debate?	
A)	Cultural universals support the 'nature' position, while similarities between twins raised apart support the 'nurture' position.	
B)	Cultural universals support the 'nurture' position, while similarities between twins raised apart support the 'nature' position.	
C)	Cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart support the 'nurture' position.	
D)	Cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart support the 'nature' position.	

172.	How many different specialties of psychology are represented in the divisions of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	10	
B)	19	
C)	32	
D)	53	

173.	The largest professional organization for psychologist, APA, has approximately 30,000 members.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

174.	Academic psychology carries on the mission to seek “pure scientific knowledge” by conducting research and instruction on a wide variety of psychological topics. Who is most often associated with this mission?	

175.	What is the purpose of applied psychology?	

176.	Make a distinction between academic and applied psychologists.	

177.	While seeking professional help, Jordan noticed that some mental health professionals were listed with M.D following their names, while others were listed with Ph.D. following their names. Which group of professionals are listed as M.D.s?	
A)	clinical psychologists	
B)	counseling psychologists	
C)	psychiatrists	
D)	psychiatric social workers	

178.	Jazmine is a graduating senior majoring in psychology. She has decided that she would like to pursue a career where she can conduct research on the effects of breastfeeding on mother-infant attachment. Given her interests, which of the following branches of psychology should Jazmine pursue in graduate school?	
A)	academic psychology	
B)	applied psychology	
C)	clinical and counseling psychology	
D)	psychiatry	

179.	Juan would like to pursue a career where he can use principles of behaviorism to control student misconduct in the classroom. His interest in understanding how to use psychological theories to control behavior in real-world situations reflects his interest in the ___________ branch of psychology.	
A)	academic	
B)	applied psychology	
C)	clinical and counseling psychology	
D)	psychoanalytic	

180.	A clinical psychologist is the same as a psychiatrist.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

181.	A __________ psychologist would likely help individuals cope more effectively or abnormal functioning.	

182.	What area of psychology was described in the text, when defining applied branches of psychology?	

183.	Make a distinction between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.	

184.	What degree is awarded by graduate programs in psychology that places less emphasis on research and greater emphasis on psychotherapy and testing?	
A)	Psy.D.	
B)	D.S.W.	
C)	M.D.	
D)	Ph.D.	

185.	In most states, clinical psychologists cannot prescribe medications.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

186.	A type of therapy called __________ involves helping people modify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that cause them distress.	

187.	Beyond the provision of psychotherapy, what work do counseling psychologists do?	

188.	How do counseling psychologists differ from psychiatric social workers?	

189.	List the 4 values about psychology that academic, applied, and clinical/counseling psychologists share?	

190.	Psychology does not rely on controlled observations or experimentation.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

191.	In order to explain or interpret human behavior, you must use a(n) __________.	

192.	What 3 levels of behavioral analyses do psychologists consider to gain a complete understanding of human mental processes and behavior?	

193.	Explain what is meant by the statement, “psychology is contextual”?	

194.	On a recent trip to Asia, Jasmine noticed that some of the cultures she encountered seemed to emphasize the needs of the group more than their individual needs. What type of culture did Jasmine most likely experience on her trip to Asia?	

195.	Many Western cultures display individualistic attributes.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

196.	In a study that asks participants from various culture to explain what makes them happy, Chinese participants described interpersonal interactions and evaluations from others.  This displays the __________ aspects of Chinese culture.	

197.	What technological development from the 1950s and 1960s contributed to the cognitive psychology revolution?	

198.	How is cognitive psychology different from cognitive neuroscience?	

199.	Which of the following is not a typical symptom related to depression?	
A)	feelings of helplessness	
B)	neurotransmitter imbalances	
C)	significant achievements	
D)	feelings of hopelessness	

200.	It is likely that psychology will become a part of biology in the future.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

201.	A new school of thought that focuses on the more upbeat features of human functioning like happiness and the meaning of life is referred to as __________.	

202.	What new form of therapy focuses on increasing clients' sense of engagement rather than targeting specific symptoms of mental dysfunction?	

203.	Describe the challenge that psychology faces in achieving a balance between popular trends, societal influences, and scientific objectivity.	

204.	Which respect to psychology today, which of the following statements is MOST TRUE?	
A)	A single theoretical orientation dominates present-day psychology.	
B)	Ultimately, a unified theory of behavior and mental processes will emerge.	
C)	Multiple theoretical approaches exist in psychology because we have made little progress in understanding thought and behavior.	
D)	Psychology is diverse in its theoretical orientations because the subject matter of psychology is diverse.	

205.	Professional organizations to which psychologists might belong include all of the following EXCEPT:	
A)	the Society for Psychological Inquiry	
B)	the Association for Psychological Science	
C)	the Society for Neuroscience	
D)	the American Psychological Association	

206.	In recent years, approximately half the recent doctorates in psychology have been awarded in the subfield of ________ psychology.	
A)	educational	
B)	counseling	
C)	clinical	
D)	experimental	

207.	Jill recently received her PhD in psychology. All else being equal, there is a 25%-30% chance that she works in a(n):	
A)	hospital	
B)	college or university	
C)	corporation	
D)	human service agency	

208.	Which of the following alternatives CORRECTLY identifies AND describes one of the three key branches of contemporary psychology described in your text?	
A)	clinical and counseling psychology -- involves the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems.	
B)	general psychology -- entails research and instruction on a variety of psychological topics	
C)	applied psychology – involves using psychological principles to help people cope effectively	
D)	academic psychology – entails research and instruction on a variety of psychological topics	

209.	Dr. Jiminez examines how limitations on human attention and memory may guide the design of computer interfaces. Dr. Krevetsky helps young adults make effective career and work decisions. Finally, Dr. Leonard teaches and performs research in social psychology at a university. Which psychologist is CORRECTLY matched with the branch of psychology she represents?	
A)	Dr. Jiminez – academic psychology	
B)	Dr. Krevetsky – clinical and counseling psychology	
C)	Dr. Leonard – applied psychology	
D)	Dr. Krevetsky – applied psychology	

210.	The roots of psychology's academic, applied, and clinical/counseling branches are found in psychology's early days in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Which branch of psychology is matched with the theoretical approach MOST sympathetic to its development?	
A)	academic psychology -- structuralism	
B)	applied psychology – psychoanalytic psychology	
C)	clinical and counseling psychology – Gestalt psychology	
D)	clinical and counseling psychology -- structuralism	

211.	Which of the following mental health practitioners is CORRECTLY matched with a title?	
A)	Dionne, who holds a Ph. D. degree -- psychiatrist	
B)	Everett, who has an M. D. degree – clinical psychologist	
C)	Fallon, who graduated with a Psy. D. degree – clinical psychologist	
D)	Garrett, who received an M. S. W. degree – counseling psychologist	

212.	Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between the Ph. D. and the Psy. D. degrees?	
A)	The Psy. D. is awarded in counseling psychology but not clinical psychology.	
B)	The Ph. D. is more focused on original research than is the Psy. D.	
C)	Psychiatrists may hold the Ph. D. but not the Psy. D. degree.	
D)	The Ph. D. is more focused on psychotherapy than is the Psy. D.	

213.	Ph. D. is to M. D. as ________ is to _______.	
A)	psychiatrist; psychologist	
B)	counseling psychology; clinical psychologist	
C)	counseling psychologist; psychiatric social worker	
D)	psychologist; psychiatrist	

214.	Which of the following sequences best reflects the relative emphasis on psychological testing in Psy. D., Ph. D., and M. D. programs, from the least emphasis to the most?	
A)	M. D. → Ph. D. → Psy. D	
B)	M. D. → Psy. D. → Ph. D	
C)	Ph. D. → M. D. → Psy. D	
D)	Ph. D. → Psy. D → M. D.	

215.	Which type(s) of mental health practitioners can prescribe drugs?	
A)	psychiatrists; and, in most states, psychologists	
B)	psychiatrists only	
C)	psychiatrists; and, in a few states, psychologists	
D)	psychologists; and, in a few states, psychiatrists	

216.	According to your text, the shared values of all three branches of psychology include each of the following EXCEPT:	
A)	the idea that psychology is empirical	
B)	a commitment to a single level of analysis	
C)	an endorsement of theory-driven work	
D)	an emphasis on context	

217.	Which of the following shared values in psychology is CORRECTLY described?	
A)	a commitment to theory-driven work – psychology includes intelligent speculation among its methods	
B)	an endorsement of empirical research – the brain, the individual, and the group must all be considered in psychological work	
C)	an acceptance of multilevel analyses – psychologists value ideas with strong research support	
D)	a recognition of the importance of context – psychological theory is shaped by social and technological forces	

218.	Dr. McIntyre believes that psychology should focus investigation solely on the brain. Dr. Napolitano argues that psychology should develop its explanations of thought and behavior in isolation from social and technological forces, which change rapidly and unpredictably. Which psychological values do Drs. McIntyre and Napolitano seem not to share?	
A)	Dr. McIntyre does not share a commitment to theory-driven work, while Dr. Napolitano does not endorse empirical research.	
B)	Dr. McIntyre does not endorse empirical research, while Dr. Napolitano does not share a commitment to theory-driven work.	
C)	Dr. McIntyre does not recognize the importance of context, while Dr. Napolitano does not accept multilevel analyses.	
D)	Dr. McIntyre does not accept multilevel analyses, while Dr. Napolitano does not recognize the importance of context.	

219.	Currently, women earn about _____% of the new Ph. D.s in psychology. Minority group members are awarded approximately _____% of the new Ph. D.s in psychology.	
A)	50; 15	
B)	70; 15	
C)	70; 25	
D)	50; 25	

220.	A cultural psychologist would describe American culture as ___________. She would describe Chinese culture as _________.	
A)	individualistic; collectivist	
B)	individualistic; communal	
C)	collectivist; collectivist as well	
D)	individualistic; individualistic as well	

221.	Rob is an American college student. Yoon-Sook is a Korean college student. Research described in your text suggests that Rob would attribute happiness to ________. Yoon-Sook would attribute it to _________.	
A)	interpersonal interactions; personal achievements	
B)	interpersonal interactions; interpersonal interactions, too	
C)	personal achievements; interpersonal interactions	
D)	personal achievements; personal achievements, too	

222.	Your text describes research examining the prevalence of positive emotions, such as happiness, in different parts of the United States. Based on your text's discussion of this work, which of the following might you conclude?	
A)	Positive emotions are equally prevalent in the different regions of the United States.	
B)	Positive emotions are more prevalent in the South than in other regions of the United States.	
C)	The culture of the South is more individualistic than is the culture in the rest of the United States.	
D)	The culture of the South is more collectivist than is the culture in the rest of the United States.	

223.	The advent of computer technology in the 1950s and 1960s spurred growth in the field of ________. More recently, advances in imaging have sparked the field of _________.	
A)	cognitive psychology; neuroscience	
B)	neuroscience; cognitive psychology	
C)	experimental psychology; neuroscience	
D)	developmental psychology; neuroscience	

224.	Dr. Olivier examines changes in participants' brain activity as they use different pieces of information to make complex decisions. Dr. Pang examines changes in brain activity when participants explain the behavior of a research assistant posing as another participant. Dr. Olivier is best described as a(n) _________ neuroscientist. Dr. Pang is probably a(n) ________ neuroscientist.	
A)	cognitive; cognitive	
B)	cognitive; social	
C)	cognitive; experimental	
D)	experimental; social	

225.	Which pioneering woman in psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a 'first'?	
A)	Mary Whiton Calkins – first to investigate the role of the hippocampus in memory	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn – first woman president of the APA	
C)	Nancy Bayley – first woman to receive a Distinguished Contribution Award from the APA	
D)	Brenda Milner –first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology	

226.	Which of the following women psychologists is CORRECTLY matched with her area of study?	
A)	Karen Horney – the self, consciousness, and emotion	
B)	Leta Hollingsworth – infant intelligence	
C)	Nancy Bayley – mental retardation and mental giftedness	
D)	Ann Treisman – attention and object perception	

227.	Which of the following pioneering women psychologists was also among the first well-known African-American psychologists?	
A)	Mamie Phipps Clark	
B)	Leta Hollingsworth	
C)	Carol Gilligan	
D)	Margaret Floy Washburn	

228.	Your text admits that it may seem that the neuroscientific approach is dominating contemporary psychology. Which of psychology's shared values is most likely to ensure that neuroscience does not completely monopolize psychology in the near future?	
A)	a commitment to theory-driven work	
B)	an endorsement of empirical research	
C)	an acceptance of multilevel analyses	
D)	a recognition of the importance of context	

229.	Which of the following alternative BEST expresses the relationship between developmental psychology and psychology's other subfields?	
A)	Developmental psychology is distinct subfield, operating in isolation from most other fields of psychology.	
B)	Developmental psychology has converged with neuroscience and social psychology in recent years.	
C)	With the advent of new technologies, developmental psychology has largely disappeared as a distinct subfield of psychology.	
D)	Developmental psychology is an integrative subfield, interacting with many other fields of psychology.	

230.	Positive psychology traces is theoretical roots to the _________ and ________ approaches, because of its emphasis on _______ and _______, respectively.	
A)	functionalist, humanist; application, self-actualization	
B)	functionalist, humanist; self-actualization, application	
C)	psychodynamic, humanist; the unconscious, self-actualization	
D)	functionalist, Gestalt; application, mental organization	

231.	In its discussion of positive psychology, your text states that, “studies have found that having a positive outlook promotes resilience.” Making explicit reference to the goals of psychology, which of the following statements is the strongest claim reasonably implied by this quote?	
A)	A positive outlook describes resilience.	
B)	A positive outlook describes and may even predict resilience.	
C)	A positive outlook explains resilience.	
D)	A positive outlook explains and may even control resilience.	

232.	Based on your text's discussion, traditional psychotherapy is to positive psychotherapy as _______ is to ________.	
A)	preventive medicine; curative medicine	
B)	curative medicine; preventive medicine	
C)	humanistic therapy; psychoanalytic therapy	
D)	psychoanalytic therapy; behavioral therapy	

233.	Each alternative below identifies a variable potentially associated with happiness. Each is correctly paired with a level of analysis EXCEPT:	
A)	production of the chemical serotonin in the nervous system – brain	
B)	the personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness -- individual	
C)	the reasons one gives for the bad things that happen -- group	
D)	economic inequality -- group	

234.	Which of the following best captures your text's conclusion regarding psychology's potential contribution to our knowledge?	
A)	Psychology will answer many complex questions about human nature.	
B)	Psychology will provide useful knowledge as it tries to address complex questions about human nature.	
C)	Psychology is unlikely to make much progress in addressing complex questions about human nature.	
D)	Psychology is too influenced by trends and fads to provide much lasting knowledge.	

Answer Key

1.	Behavior and mental processes	
2.	A	
3.	behavior	
4.	brain imaging	
5.	Identify 2 of the following goals: description, explanation, prediction, and control	
6.	D	
7.	A	
8.	A	
9.	B	
10.	(1) Brain – At the brain level of analysis, psychologists examine how brain structure and brain cell activity differ from person to person and situation to situation. (2) Person - At the person level of analysis, psychologists examine how the content of the individual's mental processes forms and influences behavior. (3) Group - At the brain level of analysis, psychologists examine how social and cultural environments shape behavior.	
11.	B	
12.	A	
13.	culture	
14.	The individual	
15.	Humans are shaped by their social environments and those environments change over time.	
16.	D	
17.	B	
18.	C	
19.	D	
20.	A	
21.	D	
22.	A	
23.	C	
24.	B	
25.	A	
26.	A	
27.	myth	
28.	Open, critical discussions where anyone could challenge prevailing doctrines	
29.	Both approaches are attempts to describe, explain, predict, and control our reality.	
30.	A	
31.	C	
32.	D	
33.	C	
34.	Anthropomorphism is the human tendency to project our mental and emotional characteristics onto nonhuman objects. When people treat their iPods, computers, or other inanimate objects like people, anthropomorphism is evident. For example, person who curses at his or her computer when it locks up is demonstrating anthropomorphism.	
35.	C	
36.	B	
37.	Aristotle	
38.	Bodily fluids that determine a person's character and well-being	
39.	Promoting the empirical investigation of topics such as sensations and learning laid the foundations of the scientific investigation of behavior.	
40.	D	
41.	B	
42.	A	
43.	A	
44.	D	
45.	C	
46.	B	
47.	C	
48.	D	
49.	B	
50.	consciousness	
51.	Evolution	
52.	Students swallowed a stomach tube in the morning and keep it in place throughout the day. In between their daily activities the students returned to the lab and had hot water would be poured down the tube. The students would then be asked to introspect on the sensations they were experiencing. Later the process would be repeated with iced water.	
53.	Wundt studied the “will”; believed that behavior is motivated and attention is focused for an explicit purpose	
54.	B	
55.	A	
56.	D	
57.	Findings were often diverse depending on who was using the technique and what they were investigating.	
58.	Structuralism relies too heavily on describing behavior rather than applying the knowledge about the human mind in a practical manner.	
59.	C	
60.	A	
61.	environment	
62.	How quickly typing skills could be learned by telegraph operators	
63.	Structuralists would be primarily interested in the components of the clock whereas functionalists would be interested in how the clock performs in a variety of situations.	
64.	C	
65.	B	
66.	B	
67.	perceptual units	
68.	Whole or form	
69.	According to Gestalt principles, humans are predisposed to combine information into a cohesive whole rather than focus on its parts.	
70.	B	
71.	D	
72.	A	
73.	B	
74.	D	
75.	A	
76.	B	
77.	D	
78.	C	
79.	B	
80.	A	
81.	A	
82.	A	
83.	C	
84.	B	
85.	A	
86.	C	
87.	D	
88.	B	
89.	D	
90.	B	
91.	A	
92.	B	
93.	C	
94.	D	
95.	D	
96.	B	
97.	B	
98.	unconscious	
99.	From information he obtained from patients in his medical practice	
100.	Developmental milestones must be achieved successfully for a child to reach emotional adjustment. This occurs such that a child learns from effective and ineffective interactions between conscious and unconscious forces.	
101.	A	
102.	B	
103.	B	
104.	discussion	
105.	Behaviorism is founded on the belief that psychologists should only study directly observable behaviors rather than abstract mental processes.	
106.	Example must provide a link between a stimulus and a response.	
107.	B	
108.	A	
109.	Thorndike	
110.	Example must name something that is rewarding/desirable and that the behavior is likely to be repeated over time.	
111.	Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a desired outcome whereas negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of an undesirable outcome.	
112.	B	
113.	A	
114.	punishment	
115.	Social observation or modeling	
116.	Children model the behaviors they observe in others.	
117.	A	
118.	D	
119.	D	
120.	A	
121.	B	
122.	A	
123.	self-actualization	
124.	Client-centered therapy	
125.	Cognitive psychology is the study of information processing defined as the means by which information is stored and operates internally in the human mind.	
126.	A	
127.	A	
128.	A	
129.	Explore the influence of genes on cognition and behavior	
130.	Cultural universality refers to behaviors and practices that occur across all cultures. Evolutionary psychologists believe that such knowledge will inform them about the impact of biological factors on our development.	
131.	A	
132.	B	
133.	D	
134.	C	
135.	A	
136.	B	
137.	D	
138.	B	
139.	A	
140.	C	
141.	D	
142.	B	
143.	A	
144.	C	
145.	B	
146.	D	
147.	D	
148.	A	
149.	C	
150.	B	
151.	C	
152.	B	
153.	A	
154.	C	
155.	B	
156.	A	
157.	A	
158.	D	
159.	C	
160.	D	
161.	C	
162.	B	
163.	C	
164.	D	
165.	A	
166.	C	
167.	A	
168.	B	
169.	D	
170.	C	
171.	D	
172.	D	
173.	B	
174.	Wundt	
175.	Involves the application of psychological principles to help solve practical problems	
176.	Academic psychologists often work at colleges and universities where they divide their time between teaching and conducting research, whereas applied psychologists use their expertise to guide decisions and work outside of academic settings.	
177.	C	
178.	A	
179.	B	
180.	B	
181.	Clinical or counseling	
182.	Sports psychology	
183.	Psychiatrists have less training in psychological research and testing, but they have more medical knowledge and can prescribe medications.	
184.	A	
185.	A	
186.	psychotherapy	
187.	Family therapy for issues involving careers, child-rearing, and relationships	
188.	Psychiatric social workers provide aid to families through social service systems available in the community.	
189.	Psychology is theory-driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.	
190.	B	
191.	theory	
192.	Brain, person, and group	
193.	Advances in technology and changes in society force us to examine behavior from new perspectives that broaden our awareness.	
194.	Collectivist	
195.	A	
196.	collectivist	
197.	Computers	
198.	While both areas of research investigate mental processes, cognitive neuroscience attempts to link processes to particular brain activities, while cognitive psychology investigates the internal mental processes of thought,	
199.	C	
200.	B	
201.	positive psychology	
202.	Positive psychotherapy	
203.	Psychology, like all sciences, may be influenced by fads and fashions, but the scientific method will continue to be the means by which we seek knowledge.	
204.	D	
205.	A	
206.	C	
207.	B	
208.	D	
209.	B	
210.	A	
211.	C	
212.	B	
213.	D	
214.	A	
215.	C	
216.	B	
217.	D	
218.	D	
219.	B	
220.	A	
221.	C	
222.	D	
223.	A	
224.	B	
225.	C	
226.	D	
227.	A	
228.	C	
229.	D	
230.	A	
231.	D	
232.	B	
233.	C	
234.	B