Exam
Name___________________________________
 
MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 
1) 

What is the name of the company or institution that has access to the health, genealogical, and genetic information of approximately 270,000 residents of Iceland? 

1) 

_______ 
A) 

American Cancer Society 
B) 

Gattaca 
C) 

deCODE 
D) 

Biogen 
E) 

National Institutes of Health 

 
2) 

A biotechnology company, deCODE, is in the process of creating a database that contains 

2) 

_______ 
A) 

a compilation of all the known genes in humans throughout the free world. 
B) 

the gene sequences of all newborns in the United States beginning in 2006. 
C) 

health, genealogical, and genetic information of approximately 270,000 residents of Iceland. 
D) 

a complete sequence of the human genome. 
E) 

all the information available on the human genome project. 

 
3) 

Why did deCODE select Iceland for its ambitious research project? 

3) 

_______ 
A) 

frequent and extensive mutational bursts 
B) 

a relatively low degree of genetic diversity 
C) 

virtual absence of mutation 
D) 

lack of genealogical information 
E) 

high genetic diversity 

 
4) 

The genetic material DNA consists of basic subunits called 

4) 

_______ 
A) 

mitochondria. 
B) 

centrioles. 
C) 

lysosomes. 
D) 

nucleotides. 
E) 

none of the above 

 
5) 

The immediate product of transcription is 

5) 

_______ 
A) 

a phospholipid. 
B) 

a carbohydrate. 
C) 

an amino acid. 
D) 

RNA. 
E) 

a protein. 

 
6) 

In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized as ________. 

6) 

_______ 
A) 

diploid; 2n 
B) 

diploid; n 
C) 

haploid; n 
D) 

haploid; 2n 
E) 

none of the above 

 
7) 

Genetics is the study of which of the following? 

7) 

_______ 
A) 

replication and recombination 
B) 

heredity and variation 
C) 

transcription and translation 
D) 

diploid and haploid 
E) 

mutation and recession 

 
SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 
8) 

Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. They proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis of the ________. 

8)  

_____________ 

 
9) 

What is a mutation? What are chromosomal mutations? 

9)  

_____________ 

 
10) 

What is a simple definition of an allele? 

10)  

_____________ 

 
11) 

Until the mid-1940s many considered proteins to be the likely candidates for the genetic material. Why? 

11)  

_____________ 

 
12) 

Name the individual who, while working with the garden pea in the mid-1850s, demonstrated quantitative patterns of heredity and developed a theory involving the behavior of hereditary factors. 

12)  

_____________ 

 
13) 

What does the term genetics mean? 

13)  

_____________ 

 
14) 

Name the substance that serves as the hereditary material in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 

14)  

_____________ 

 
15) 

Name two individuals who provided the conceptual basis for our present understanding that genes are on chromosomes. 

15)  

_____________ 

 
16) 

What term is used to describe the fact that different genes in an organism often provide differences in observable features? 

16)  

_____________ 

 
17) 

A fundamental property of DNA's nitrogenous bases that is necessary for the double-stranded nature of its structure is ________. 

17)  

_____________ 

 
18) 

Recombinant DNA technology is dependent on a particular class of enzymes, known as ________ that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. 

18)  

_____________ 

 
19) 

Name one of the botanists who, in 1900, rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel. 

19)  

_____________ 

 
20) 

Genetics is commonly seen as being grouped into several general areas  transmission, molecular, and population/evolution. What biological processes are studied in transmission genetics? 

20)  

_____________ 

 
21) 

Who owns transgenic organisms? 

21)  

_____________ 

 
22) 

In 1996 a cloning experiment produced the sheep named Dolly. Instead of the more traditional method of cloning by embryo splitting, Dolly was produced by what procedure? 

22)  

_____________ 

 
23) 

What term is applied to a variety of projects whereby genome sequences are deposited in databases for research purposes? 

23)  

_____________ 

 
24) 

The first draft of the human genome sequence was reported in 2001 by two groups the publicly funded ________ and the private company ________. 

24)  

_____________ 

 
25) 

A number of genomes have been sequenced in recent years  Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus. What are the common names for the above organisms? 

25)  

_____________ 

 
26) 

What is meant by the term genome? What is a genomic library? 

26)  

_____________ 

 
27) 

In nonviral systems, what is the nature of the hereditary substance? 

27)  

_____________ 

 
28) 

Approximately what percentages of the following crops are genetically modified corn, ________; soybean, ________; canola, ________; cotton, ________? 

28)  

_____________ 

 
29) 

What is meant by the term gene? 

29)  

_____________ 

 
30) 

Distinguish the functions of DNA and RNA in a eukaryote. 

30)  

_____________ 

 
31) 

Name the bases in DNA and their pairing specificities. 

31)  

_____________ 

 
32) 

What is meant by the term genetic code? 

32)  

_____________ 

 
33) 

Compare and contrast nonenzymatic and enzymatic proteins. 

33)  

_____________ 

 
34) 

List the two relatively complex processes in which genetic information is converted into functional products. 

34)  

_____________ 

 
35) 

Define two terms that are often used in the description of genetics. 

35)  

_____________ 

 
36) 

What is meant by the phrase the central dogma of genetics? 

36)  

_____________ 

 
37) 

What is the composition of the genetic material? 

37)  

_____________ 

 
38) 

What is meant by complementarity in terms of the structure of DNA? 

38)  

_____________ 

 
39) 

Reference is often made to adapter molecules when describing protein synthesis. What does this term refer to? 

39)  

_____________ 

 
40) 

Given that DNA is the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, what other general structures (macromolecules) and substances made by the cell are associated with expression of that genetic material? 

40)  

_____________ 

 
41) 

What is another term for a biological catalyst? 

41)  

_____________ 

 
42) 

Research dealing with what human blood disorder was instrumental in linking the genotype to a specific phenotype, and what conclusion was reached? 

42)  

_____________ 

 
43) 

A commercially available chip that contains thousands of fields (genetic elements) can be used to assess an individual's genome. What is the name of this chip? 

43)  

_____________ 

 
44) 

Alternative forms of a gene are called ________. 

44)  

_____________ 

 
45) 

The various characteristics of organisms that result from their genetic makeup are collectively referred to as an organism's ________. 

45)  

_____________ 

 
46) 

Organisms that are well-understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic biological research are often called ________. 

46)  

_____________ 

 
47) 

Arabidopsis is a model organism for the study of ________. 

47)  

_____________ 

 
48) 

In the treatise On the Seed, Hippocrates suggested that the various hereditary traits in the body were contained in ________. 

48)  

_____________ 

 
49) 

What is the name of the theory which postulates that an organism is derived from materials originally present in the egg that eventually differentiate into adult structures during development? 

49)  

_____________ 

 
TRUE/FALSE.  Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 
50) 

Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. 

50) 

______ 

 
51) 

Complementarity in a genetic sense refers to the polymerization of nucleotides in DNA. 

51) 

______ 

 
52) 

Once produced, a transgenic plant or animal can be patented. 

52) 

______ 

 
53) 

Archeological evidence indicates that the earliest domestication of plants and animals occurred within the last 2000 years. 

53) 

______ 

 
54) 

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the phenomenon of natural selection. 

54) 

______ 

 
55) 

According to the fixity of species doctrine, animals and plants have remained unchanged since their appearance on Earth. 

55) 

______ 

 
1) 

C 

2) 

C 

3) 

B 

4) 

D 

5) 

D 

6) 

A 

7) 

B 

8) 

chromosome theory of inheritance 

9) 

A mutation is an inherited change in a gene. A chromosomal mutation affects the number or structure of chromosomes. 

10) 

An allele is a variant form of a gene. 

11) 

Proteins are the most abundant, universally distributed components in cells, and because of their great structural and functional diversity, they were considered likely candidates. 

12) 

Gregor Mendel 

13) 

Genetics is a subdiscipline of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation at the molecular, cellular, developmental, organismal, and populational levels. 

14) 

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid 

15) 

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri 

16) 

phenotype 

17) 

complementarity 

18) 

restriction enzymes 

19) 

Karl Correns 

20) 

Mendelian inheritance (segregation and independent assortment), modification of Mendelian patterns, pedigree analysis, and chromosome and pedigree analysis 

21) 

Once produced, a patent can be obtained on a living organism, thereby offering exclusive use of the transgenic organism for the patent holder. 

22) 

nuclear transfer 

23) 

genomics 

24) 

Human Genome Project; Celera Corporation 

25) 

bacterium, yeast, roundworm, fruit fly, mouse 

26) 

The genome is all the DNA carried in an organism, while a genomic library is a collection of clones that contain the entire genome. 

27) 

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded polymer organized as a double helix. 

28) 

40%; 80%; 60%; 70% 

29) 

unit of inheritance 

30) 

DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information, while RNA is involved in the expression of stored genetic information. 

31) 

adeninethymine, guaninecytosine 

32) 

The genetic code consists of a linear series of three adjacent nucleotides present in mRNA molecules. 

33) 

Both are gene products, with their primary structure being a string of amino acids. Enzymes are required as catalysts for most biochemical reactions, while nonenzymatic proteins include structural (collagen), protective (immunoglobins), and/or transport (hemoglobin) proteins. 

34) 

transcription and translation 

35) 

Heredity is the similarity between parents and offspring and the similarity of members of the same species. Variation is the lack of similarity between parents and offspring and members of the same species. 

36) 

functional and structural relationships among DNA, RNA, and protein 

37) 

polymers of nucleotides making up DNA 

38) 

base pairing of A with T and G with C 

39) 

tRNA 

40) 

RNA (messenger, ribosomal, transfer), ribosomes, enzymes, proteins 

41) 

enzyme 

42) 

The work on sickle-cell anemia was instrumental in showing that a mutant gene produced a mutant protein molecule. 

43) 

microarray 

44) 

alleles 

45) 

phenotype 

46) 

model organisms 

47) 

plants 

48) 

humors 

49) 

epigenesis 

50) 

TRUE 

51) 

FALSE 

52) 

TRUE 

53) 

FALSE 

54) 

TRUE 

55) 

TRUE